The Cilician Djemaran [Lyceum]

Author: Ani Voskanyan, 27/12/24 (Last modified 27/12/24) - Translator: Simon Beugekian

In 1909, the Ararad monthly periodical of Etchmiadzin reported that practical steps had already been taken in relation to establishing an Armenian institution of higher education in Ayntab. The periodical also reported that the Vartanian Society and the Atenagan Society had dedicated significant resources to this effort. The Yeridasartats Society, which had been active for 15-20 years already, also made a financial contribution to support the project. A fundraising campaign was launched to collect the balance of the required funding. The well-known philanthropist Kalousd Ghazarian contributed to this campaign, after which Father Nerses Tanielian traveled to various cities to raise additional funds. Many national figures donated various amounts. The land on which the school was built was donated from the Armenian community’s public properties. It was noted at the time that the land was already suitable for construction work. Many youths were sent to the United States, Germany, and Constantinople to complete their education and to return and teach at the lyceum. [1]

These preparatory efforts all aimed to establish one of the most celebrated educational institutions in the history of Armenian Ayntab, namely the Cilician Upper School or Cilician Lyceum.

The Vartanian Society of Ayntab, which had already made an enormous contribution to the field of Armenian education in Cilicia, was fully aware of the importance of establishing an Armenian institution of higher education in the region. For many years, this organization had been proposing the creation of an “Armenian college.” This college would be a modern institution that afforded Armenian youth the opportunity to receive a distinctly Armenian education. [2]

Dr. Kevork Sarafian, who had attended the Vartanian Institute, later wrote that there was a “visionary plan” to establish a national college, and in its halls, to educate a cadre of young Armenians devoted to their nation. [3]

On January 22, 1901, to support this project, which also enjoyed the full support of the Vartanian Society, the graduates and former pupils of the Vartanian Institute created the Vartanian Pupils’ Society, which launched a twofold effort focused on raising the remainder of the necessary funds for the lyceum and on preparing the future teachers of the institution. [4]

In 1906, Armenag Chamichian and Haroutyun Khachadourian, both graduates of the Vartanian Institute, were sent to the United States, thanks to the patronage of Boghos Noubar Pasha, to receive a university education. Krikor Mahseredjian was also sent to the United States, thanks to the patronage of the Yegeghetsasirats Society, to study theology. These young men, alongside Armenian students in various other American universities – Armenag Kasardjian, Krikor and Kevork Sarafian, Aram Khachadourian, and Sarkis Baghdoyan – held a conference on the national-educational and ecclesiastic issues facing Ayntab on July 10-11, 1911. Taking into account the goals and programs of the Vartanian and Yegeghetsasirats societies of Ayntab, they decided to create an association of Cilician Armenians in the United States. They appealed to the Ayntab National Provincial Congress, as well as the Atenagan, Vartanian, and Yegeghetsasirats societies to assist in the process of establishing the “Cilician Upper School,” thus giving the project a more general national character. The Ayntab Provincial Congress presented the project to the Catholicos of the Holy See of Cilicia. On November 14, 1911, Catholicos Sahag II Khabayan, in a pastoral edict (number 246), blessed and encouraged Ayntab natives in the United States who had promised to return to their homeland and teach at the educational institution that would be established there. [5]

The Vartanian and Yegeghetsasirats societies decided to combine their financial and moral resources to support the “Cilician Upper School” project. The plenary meetings of the two organizations, held on May 28, 1912, resulted in the election of members who formed a joint board of trustees [6]. From the Vartanian Society, the elected members were Father Karekin Bogharian, Hrant Sulahian, Hagop Hamalian, and Hagop Ghazarian. From the Yegeghetsasirats Society, the elected members were Father Nerses Tavoukdjian, Hagop Khachadourian, and Nouridjan Niziblian. [7]

This newly elected board the Cilician Lyceum selected Armenag Chamichian to serve as the principal of the new school. Chamichian was given the authority to recruit members of the faculty in America, find sponsors for indigent pupils, and launch efforts to create a library – tasks which he accomplished successfully. Thanks to his efforts, the lyceum’s future faculty already included himself, H. Misirian, and K. Mahseredjian. The recruitment of assistant teachers was left to those in Ayntab. [8]

Despite the fact that Chamichian did not finish his studies in America until July 1, 1912, with the help of A. Selian, Dr. Parnag Atamian, and the Grtasirats Society, he was able to recruit 50 (according to another source, 54 [9]) Armenian and American “friends/guardians.” A total of 400 books were donated to the future lyceum’s library, in addition to the 500 books already donated by the Yegeghetsasirats Society. A board of trustees for the “Cilician Upper School” was created in the United States. [10]

Additionally, an “Assistance Committee” was elected by the “Esteemed Guardians” in America, with the aim of ensuring the payment of pledged donations, of expanding the number of the lyceum’s supporters, and ensuring an open line of communication between the American “guardians” and the institution. [11]

After lengthy preparations, the official opening of the Cilician Lyceum took place on September 6/19, 1912, in the large Beyaz (Peyaz) Oghlu building in the Tepe Bashi (Pashi) neighborhood of Ayntab. In its first academic year, the school’s enrollment consisted mostly of graduates of the Vartanian Institute. In this academic year (1912-1913), the school had an enrollment of 55 pupils (6 dropped out during the year), of whom 30 were scholarship students and 25 paid tuition fees. The school’s faculty consisted of A. Chamichian, the principal; Prof. H. Misirian, who taught English language and other subjects in English; Father Nerses Tavoukdjian, who taught lessons from the Holy Books; Hagop Kalemkerian, who taught classical Armenian and mathematics; Hagopdjan Yaghoubian, who taught Armenian, French, and classical Armenian literature; Pilibbos Sarkisian, who taught drawing and calligraphy; and Ibrahim and Nouri effendis, who taught Turkish. [12]

In its second academic year, enrollment at the lyceum rose to 81 pupils, 31 of whom were registered as boarding students. The faculty also grew, with new additions including Senior Priest Father Paren Glayetsi (Melkonian), who taught classical Armenian; Arshag Seghposian, who taught French; Garabed Moughamian, who taught Armenian and Ottoman Turkish; Hrant Sulahian, who taught drawing and painting; and Khalid Keamil Bey, who taught Ottoman Turkish. [13]

On October 13, 1912, the opening of the “Cilician Upper School” was officially announced in newspapers, and the institution unveiled its educational program, which consisted of two levels – general and specialized. It was also announced that the specialized level would offer two concentrations – commercial and scientific. [14]

The official opening ceremony of the school, scheduled for October 21, 1912, was postponed due to the lack of government accreditation. This accreditation was finally obtained thanks to the intercession of the Cilicia Catholicosate and the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople. [15]

The official accreditation of the school by the Ottoman Ministry of Education was issued on March 9, 1913. “The Ministry of Educational Affairs certifies (date: December 31, 1912; document number: 3701/152851) the registration, by the Aleppo Educational Directorate, of the ‘Cilician Ermeny Dal ul Muallimiyn i Rushdi’ (permit number 130).” On August 11, 1913, Catholicos Sahag II Khabayan, with an edict numbered 237, changed the name of the “Cilician Upper School” to the “Cilician Lyceum.” [16]

The mission of the Cilician Lyceum was to provide its pupils with higher education anchored in the Armenian identity and based on the principles of science and Christianity. Specifically, the institution aimed to:

1. 1) Foster enlightened and informed Armenian youth by providing them with general education (general knowledge).
2. 2) Train teachers in modern pedagogy and related skills to serve in the parochial schools of Cilicia.
3. 3) Prepare enlightened clergymen, equipped with modern education, to serve the needs and mission of the Armenian Church. [17]

The curriculum of the lyceum was based on its mission, as described above. The lyceum offered a four-year course of instruction. The first two years focused on general education, and were obligatory for all students. In their final two years, students chose a specialty.

1. 1) General education.
2. 2) Specialized education, in the fields of pedagogy or church studies. [18]

The pupils of the lyceum were classified as follows:

1. 1) Regular students, who were accepted into the lyceum’s general education program and attended all classes.
2. 2) Specialized students, who had to be graduates of the lyceum’s general education program or of another secondary school. Having already received secondary education, these pupils were allowed to study a specialized subject of their choice.
3. 3) Private students, who did not attend all regular or specialized classes offered by the lyceum, but were allowed by the school administration to attend specific classes of their choice. These private students were not admitted on a permanent basis and could be asked to stop attending classes at any time.
4. 4) Preparatory students, who, after sitting their entrance examinations, were not admitted into the first grade of the lyceum. These students were instead assigned to the appropriate preparatory classes according to their skills. [19]

The academic year was divided into two semesters. The first semester began on the third Wednesday of September (according to the old calendar) and ended on January 31. The second semester began on February 1 and ended on the fourth Wednesday of June.

Students were given a one-week holiday for Christmas and Easter. The summer break lasted two-and-a-half months. The school was also closed on the main religious holidays. During the summer break, the boarding section was also closed. [20]

The Cilician Lyceum accepted applications from any Armenian adolescent above the age of 15 who had either graduated from a parochial secondary school or had received an equivalent level of education. Applicants had to pass entrance examinations in theology (history of the Armenian Church and knowledge of the Bible; as well as knowledge of biblical chronology and interpretation), Armenian (modern Armenian, including literature, grammar, writing, etc.; as well as classical Armenian, including select readings and grammar), Ottoman Turkish, English, French, history (general history of nations, detailed Ottoman history, and Armenian history), mathematics, natural geography, zoology, and rhetoric.

Applicants were asked to submit the following documents:

1. 1. Certificate of graduation from a previous school.
2. 2. A medical certificate, confirming satisfactory health; as well as a vaccination certificate.
3. 3. A report card detailing previous academic performance.
4. 4. Identity documentation (nufuz tezkeresi) and birth certificate.
5. 5. Scholarship students also had to submit documents demonstrating their financial need, issued by any official body. [21]

The official language of the Cilician Lyceum was Armenian. The pupils, both at school and outside of it, had to speak Armenian. Turkish, as the official state language, was given an important place in the school’s curriculum. As for foreign languages, English and French were given special importance. [22]

As we have already mentioned, before it was even officially opened, the Cilician Lyceum had secured a rich library of books in various languages. The library was called madenataran (repository). The library was always willing to accept donations of books and publications in Armenian and in other languages.

Thanks to a financial contribution from the Armenian community of Manchester, a chemical laboratory was opened in the school, and scientific equipment was obtained to be used in the instruction of natural sciences. [23]

The lyceum’s academic and boarding sections were housed in two separate buildings. In the school’s first academic year, classes were held in the building that would later house the boarding section. Beginning in its second academic year, the academic section was moved into a new, three-floor building in the west of the city, owned by the Vartanian Society. The building had a ground floor, as well as six rooms on the upper floors, three of which had been converted into classrooms, while the rest were used as teachers’ lounges and laboratories. There was one general hall, which also housed the library. This hall hosted various events and was used for athletics. Each classroom was furnished with a separate desk and a chair with a back for each pupil. Adjacent to the building was a garden, which the administration planned to convert into a learning garden.

The school’s boarding section was housed in a separate, three-floor building. The two upper floors housed the dormitory, classrooms, refectory, and the offices of the administration. The first floor served as a warehouse. A separate structure served as the kitchen. The building had large inner and outer courtyards, and the latter was used as a playground. Plans were made to build a new building that would house both the academic and boarding sections. [24]

After the opening of the Cilician Lyceum in 1912, many students came to attend from Kilis, Suediya, and elsewhere. In the 1913-1914 academic year, the number of boarding students reached 30. The boarding section had its own regulations, and all efforts were made to create a family atmosphere for the students. The director of the boarding section was Senior Priest Father Paren Glayetsi. The boarding section also had four other employees, including a supplies manager, a cook, a nightwatchman, and a servant. [25]

The yearly tuition fee for all students was three Ottoman pounds. Students also had to obtain their own textbooks and writing implements. The boarding students, aside from the tuition fee, paid an additional 10 Ottoman pounds per year to cover the costs of their room and board, lighting, laundry, and fuel.

The cost of the school uniform was approximately six mejide. Prospective students paid half an Ottoman pound as a fee to sit the entrance examinations. For a certificate of graduation from the general education program, students were asked to pay half an Ottoman pound; while for a certificate of graduation from the classical literature program, they were asked to pay one pound. [26]

Thanks to the support of Armenians who valued education, the lyceum was able to provide scholarships to some of the pupils, on the following conditions:

1. 1) Financial aid was provided to high-achieving students who lacked the financial resources to pay their tuition fees, especially those who “signed a pledge” to serve as educators or clergymen in later years.
2. 2) The scholarship was provided for a duration of one year, and its continuation was contingent on the student’s performance. Scholarships were not granted to students whose behavior was below the 90 percent mark or whose academic performance was below the 85 percent mark.
3. 3) The amount of the yearly scholarship, per student, did not exceed three Ottoman pounds, the yearly tuition fee of the institution. Exceptions could be made for students who intended to serve as clergymen.
4. 4) All students seeking scholarships had to submit a written application in advance. [27]

The lyceum’s primary source of income was the tuition fees paid by the pupils – 3 Ottoman pounds per day student and 13 Ottoman pounds per boarding student. In the 1912-1913 academic year, the boarding section was not yet operational, and the school had an income of 55 pounds from its regular students, at 2.5 pounds per student. In the 1913-1914 academic year, a total of 392.18 pounds was received from the students enrolled in both sections, with day students paying 3 pounds per year and preparatory students paying 2.5 pounds.

The Vartanian Society donated 50 Ottoman pounds per year to the lyceum, and the Yegeghetsasirats Society donated 25 pounds per year. As we have already mentioned, a group of “guardians” was created in the United States, who each contributed $12 per year to cover the tuition fees of indigent pupils. At the time of the publication of the school’s first official report, the number of these “guardians” was 69. This official report, titled Cilician Lyceum, Ayntab-Cilicia, First Report, 1912-1914, included a full list of the names of these “guardians,” as provided by the American Assistance Committee to the institution’s board of trustees. [28]

The pupils’ tuition fees and these donations were the institution’s main sources of income, and were complemented by other financial bequests and donations, many of which were made on a one-time basis.

Records indicate that the shortfall in the budget of the institution’s first academic year was covered by the Armenian-American philanthropist Mihran Karageozian, with a one-time donation of 130 Ottoman pounds. [29]

Catholicos Sahag II of Cilicia, in his edict dated August 11, 1913, appealed to the community to support the lyceum. The Catholicos also personally sponsored two boarding students. The Ayntab Provincial Congress donated 40 Ottoman pounds per year to the lyceum, and also paid the school building’s rent for two years. The Aleppo Aid Committee pledged to contribute at least 50 Ottoman pounds per year. The Aid Committee of Kilis and various church parishes across Cilicia also pledged to provide support, in the form of monetary donations, school supplies, and food. [30]

The lyceum also received gifts and donations from various legacies and from different individuals who organized fundraising efforts. Some of this money was used to cover immediate and essential costs, while the rest was invested to ensure the future operations of the lyceum.

The greatest friend of the Cilician Lyceum, Bishop Papken Guleserian, launched an international fundraising effort for the institution, and while in France, secured a donation of 500 francs from philanthropist Rapayel Margosian. With these funds, a hall was built in 1914, adjacent to the lyceum building. [31]

The Vartanian Institute donated 200 Ottoman pounds, which included the 50 pounds per year mentioned above. The Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU) donated 50 Ottoman pounds. Sarkis G. Nazarian, a philanthropist from Ayntab, on the occasion of the school’s opening, donated 1,000 Ottoman pounds. Kalousd Ghazarian donated 200 pounds, and Garabed Bey Nazaretian donated 100 pounds. Mr. and Mrs. Kevork N. Balian donated 2,500 francs, while Senior Priest Father Paren Glayetsi, president of the school’s board of trustees, donated 5,000 francs – the amount for which his life was insured. Mr. and Mrs. Chamichian donated $42 to the school’s library, and in various U.S. cities, Krikor Sarafian and the Assistance Committee of America raised $208.10 for the school’s 1913-1914 academic year.

A fundraising effort was also launched on the occasion of the institution’s opening, aiming to collect 10,000 Ottoman pounds. This sum was to be designated as an endowment fund and ensure the institution’s uninterrupted operation in the future. Many guests from Ayntab and various other cities in Cilicia donated to this effort, which collected a total of 2,630 Ottoman pounds and 108.25 kurus. [32]

The Cilician Lyceum awarded diplomas to the following students:

1. 1) Those who, after completing the general education program, completed at least one of the specialized education programs.
2. 2) Those who completed one of the specialized education programs.
3. 3) The diplomas awarded to students who completed specialized education programs were equivalent to seven-year diplomas granted by Ottoman idadi [33] schools.
4. Students of the private section received special certificates upon the completion of their chosen courses. [34]

The Literary Club of the Cilician Lyceum was founded in September 1913. During the club’s meetings, the members, under the supervision of a special editorial team, read and edited the Cilicia monthly periodical. The periodical published articles on scientific, historical, social, and other topics. This club also had its own library. [35]

A student football team was created at the lyceum in its inaugural academic year. Under the supervision of Prof. H. Misirian, this football team competed against the team of the Central Turkey College of Ayntab in the fall and the spring. [36]

The Cilician Lyceum had a small band, consisting of eight to ten pupils from various grade levels. Plans were made to expand the band and to obtain the necessary musical instruments. [37]

When the Cilician Lyceum was established, its founders had a deep belief that it would not only educate the next generation of Armenians in Ayntab, but that it would offer higher education in the Armenian spirit to the next generation of Armenians from all over Cilicia. [38]

After the Armenian Genocide, the Armenians who had been educated by the Cilician Lyceum and the other schools of Ayntab would, in their turn, educate successive generations of Armenians in the diaspora for many years, passing on their knowledge and experience. For example, the monthly periodical Hay Ayntab [Armenian Ayntab], published in Beirut, collected and published a great deal of historical information. Its editorial team consisted of Vahe Guleserian from the United States, Kourken Yazudjian from France, Kourken Hamalian from Aleppo, and Krikor Bogharian from Beirut. All four had attended the Vartanian Institute and Cilician Lyceum: “We feel that we owe a debt to our former schools, which nourished our minds and souls.” [39]

The Armenian Genocide spelled the end of this seminal and promising educational institution of Ayntab. The Cilician Lyceum was closed down in June 1915. Its faculty and pupils were deported, and many of them were killed. [40]

The Cilician Lyceum was not only a huge investment in the field of Armenian education in Ayntab. It was also an unprecedented achievement that elevated formal Armenian education to new heights. The Armenian community of Ayntab proved that with united and collective efforts, they could indeed achieve anything they set their minds to, regardless of how unsurmountable the challenges seemed. They were able to create a modern, contemporary institution of higher education. The Cilician Lyceum was the first such Armenian institution in Cilicia, and despite its short life, it continued fulfilling its mission of safeguarding Armenian identity and preserving Armenian culture for many years after its closure.

• Dr. Antranig Ayvazian; New York; chairman
• Vahan Kurkdjian; lawyer; Boston; vice-chairman
• Mihran Karageozian (merchant); New York; treasurer
• Karekin Giragosian (merchant); Boston; vice-treasurer
• Armenag Nazaretian (editor); Boston; secretary
• Avedis B. Selian (merchant); Boston; vice-secretary
• Toros K. Ghazarian (merchant); Boston; advisor
• Garabed H. Karageozian (merchant); Boston; advisor
• Prof. Haroutyun M. Dadourian (Ph.D.; lecturer at Yale University); New Haven; advisor
• Alice Stone Blackwell; Boston; advisor

• Senior Priest Father Paren Glayetsi (Melkonian); representative of the Catholicosate and the president of the board
• Prof. Armenag H. Chamichian; principal/schoolmaster of the lyceum; appointed to the board by virtue of his position
• Hagop K. Ghazarian (merchant); chairman
• Hrant K. Sulahian (merchant); secretary
• Nouridjan Niziblian (dentist); treasurer
• Father Nerses Tavoukdjian; advisor
• Father Karekin Bogharian; advisor
• Hagop Hamalian (merchant); advisor
• Hagop Katchadourian

Prof. Armenag H. Chamichian (B.S., M.A.): A graduate of the State Normal School and of Harvard University, he served as the lyceum’s schoolmaster/principal. He was also an expert who taught pedagogy, history, and philosophy.

Prof. Hovsep K. Misirian (Ph.D.): A graduate of Yale University, he was an expert who taught mathematics and natural sciences.

Prof. Krikor Sarafian (B.D.): A graduate of Yale University, he was an expert who taught ethics, sociology, and theology beginning in September 1914.

Prof. Armenag A. Kasardjian (B.S., M.A.): Studied for three years at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), then graduated from the Worcester Polytechnic Institute. He was an expert in natural sciences and taught this subject at the lyceum beginning in September 1914.

Arshag Seghposian: A graduate of the Ecole Superieure de Commerce and the Institut Commercial of Nancy. Visiting teacher of French beginning in 1913.

Senior Priest Father Paren Glayetsi (Melkonian): A graduate of the Armash Seminary, visiting teacher of classical Armenian beginning in 1913.

Father Nerses Tavoukdjian: A graduate of the Armash Seminary, visiting teacher of theology.

Hrant K. Sulahian: Visiting teacher of drawing and oil painting beginning in 1913.

Garabed Moughamian: A graduate of the Central Turkey College of Ayntab; teacher of Ottoman Turkish, bookkeeping, and modern Armenian beginning in 1913.

Pilibos Sarkisian: A graduate of the Shahnazarian School; visiting teacher of drawing and calligraphy in the 1912-1913 academic year.

Hagopdjan Yaghoubian: A graduate of the Armash Seminary; visiting teacher of Armenian and French in the 1912-1913 academic year; thereafter teacher of national history.

Hagop Kalemkyarian: A graduate of the Central Turkey College of Ayntab; visiting teacher of classical Armenian in the 1912-1913 academic year.

Chelebi Zade Nouri: Visiting teacher of Ottoman Turkish and Ottoman history in the 1912-1913 academic year.

Khalid Keami Bey: A graduate of the Commercial College of Constantinople. Visiting teacher of Ottoman Turkish beginning in 1913.

• Senior Priest Father Paren Glayetsi (Melkonian): Director of the boarding section.
• Dr. Moushegh Hadidian (M.D.): doctor of the lyceum, including the boarding section.

• [1] “Ottoman Armenians,” Ararad, Etchmiadzin, March 1909, number 3, p. 284. 
• [2] Cilician Djemaran, Ayntab-Cilicia, Arachin Deghegakir 1912-1914 [Cilician Lyceum, Ayntab-Cilicia, First Report, 1912-1914], Constantinople, H. Madteosian Printing House, 1914, p. 13.
• [3] Dr. Kevork A. Sarafian, “The Role of the Vartanian Institute in the Founding of the Cilician Lyceum,” Hay Ayntab [Armenian Ayntab], Beirut, 1965, number 3, p. 9.
• [4] Cilician Djemaran, Ayntab-Cilicia, Arachin Deghegakir 1912-1914, p. 13.
• [5] Ibid., pp. 13-14.
• [6] Ibid., p. 14.
• [7] Krikor Bogharian, “Cilician Lyceum (1912-1915),” Badmoutyun Ayntabi Hayots [History of the Armenians of Ayntab; hereafter BAH], volume 1, edited and compiled by Kevork A. Sarafian, Los Angeles, 1953, pp. 781-782.
• [8] Cilician Djemaran, Ayntab-Cilicia, Arachin Deghegakir 1912-1914, p. 14.
• [9] Ibid.
• [10] Krikor Bogharian, “Cilician Lyceum (1912-1915),” BAH, volume 1, p. 781.
• [11] Cilician Djemaran, Ayntab-Cilicia, Arachin Deghegakir 1912-1914, pp. 14-15.
• [12] Krikor Bogharian, “Cilician Lyceum (1912-1915),” BAH, volume 1, p. 781.
• [13] Ibid., pp. 786-787.
• [14] Ibid., pp. 783-784.
• [15] Ibid., p. 784.
• [16] Cilician Djemaran, Ayntab-Cilicia, Arachin Deghegakir 1912-1914, p. 15.
• [17] Ibid., p. 16.
• [18] Ibid., p. 17; also see Krikor Bogharian, “Cilician Lyceum (1912-1915),” BAH, volume 1, pp. 783-784.
• [19] Cilician Djemaran, Ayntab-Cilicia, Arachin Deghegakir 1912-1914, pp. 17-18.
• [20] Ibid., pp. 18, 21.
• [21] Ibid., pp. 18-20.
• [22] Ibid., p. 24.
• [23] Ibid, p. 25.
• [24] Ibid., pp. 25-27.
• [25] A. Sarafian, “The Cilician Lyceum of Ayntab,” Hay Ayntab, Beirut, 1965, number 3, p. 7.
• [26] Cilician Djemaran, Ayntab-Cilicia, Arachin Deghegakir 1912-1914, p. 21.
• [27] Ibid., p. 22.
• [28] Ibid., pp. 53-56.
• [29] Ibid., p. 54.
• [30] Ibid., pp. 56-58.
• [31] A. Sarafian, “The Cilician Lyceum of Ayntab,” Hay Ayntab, Beirut, 1965, number 3, p. 6.
• [32] Cilician Djemaran, Ayntab-Cilicia, Arachin Deghegakir 1912-1914, pp. 56-63 and 75-80.
• [33] İdadî, idadiye (~ mektebi) (Turkish): Ottoman intermediate school. 
• [34] Cilician Djemaran, Ayntab-Cilicia, Arachin Deghegakir 1912-1914, p. 23.
• [35] Ibid., pp. 25-26.
• [36] Ibid., p. 26.
• [37] Ibid.
• [38] A. Sarafian, “The Cilician Lyceum of Ayntab,” Hay Ayntab, Beirut, 1965, number 3, p. 5.
• [39] Krikor Bogharian, “Alma Mater,” Hay Ayntab, Beirut, 1965, number 3, p. 1.
• [40] Dr. Kevork A. Sarafian, “The Role of the Vartanian Institute in the Founding of the Cilician Lyceum.”