Ayntab – The Periodical Press

Author: Mihran A. Minassian, 15/04/26 (Last modified 15/04/26) - Translator: Simon Beugekian

Ayntab boasted a vibrant periodical press sector. The city was home to many handwritten and several mimeographed and printed papers and periodicals, which were published by students at local schools, various organizations and associations, religious institutions, and individuals.

According to Krikor Bogharian, the renowned authority on the Armenian history of Ayntab, “Many schools in Ayntab published their own student papers, which were read aloud publicly during student assemblies or athletics classes.” [1]

It must be noted that almost all writers, intellectuals, and well-known Armenian figures from Ayntab who were later active in the city or elsewhere, in their youth, had some connection to the handwritten or mimeographed papers that were published in the city; and their first attempts at writing were published in these papers. Examples of such individuals include Catholicos Coadjutor Papken Gyuleserian, Pyuzant Topalian, Misak Kochounian-Kasim, Kevork A. Sarafian, Hagop Der Melkonian, The Very Reverend Yeghia Kasouni (Behesnilian), Nazaret Hilmi Nersesian, Vahan Kyurkdjian (Pagouran), Krikor Bogharian, Dr. Avedis Djebedjian, Prof. Armenag Chamichian, Kevork Chekidjian, Armenag Nazaretian (A. Nazar), and others.

Below, we present the Armenian and Armenian-lettered papers and periodicals of Ayntab, in chronological order of publication.

This paper was circulated within the Nersesian School. It was a handwritten, Armenian-lettered Turkish monthly, with Hovhannes Kyurkdjianoff acting as its “founder-editor, conceiver, and leader.” The first issue appeared around 1872 (five-six years before 1878).

This paper had a short life, and only a few issues appeared.

This was a small paper that published commentary on national and educational issues, as well as miscellaneous news. It was meant to be read aloud publicly during lecture hall meetings. Later, it was discontinued and replaced with lectures. [3]

The National/Parochial Nersesian School

It was founded in 1856. It offered six years of instruction and had a kindergarten.

The Nersesian School was the first regular Armenian school to operate in Ayntab. Thousands of Armenian children were educated there in the Armenian spirit, later becoming celebrated national and ecclesiastical figures.

The Nersesian School contributed greatly to the development of cultural life in Ayntab. Its faculty consisted mostly of locals and some invited teachers from Constantinople. The school operated until 1915. [4]

Hovhannes S. Kyurkdjianoff

A native of Agn, born in 1824. He lived in Aleppo until 1866, then, from 1866 to 1883, in Ayntab. In Aleppo, he was a high-ranking official at the customs house, then served in the same capacity in Ayntab. First in Aleppo, and later in Ayntab, he was notably active within the Armenian community. He was a champion of proper education, especially for girls. In 1862, he founded the first Armenian girls’ school in Aleppo. He also founded a bookstore, several companies, public libraries, evening lecture halls, and courses. He directed a theatrical production, etc. [5] In 1862, he attempted to establish a small theater in Aleppo, but failed. [6] According to Krikor Bogharian, Kyurkdjianoff was one of the “stewards of the awakening of Ayntab.” [7] He contributed to the contemporary daily press, in which he published dozens of articles on national issues. He also published several booklets. He died in Ayntab, on 5/17 August 1883. [8]

An Armenian and Armenian-lettered Turkish monthly periodical, published by some of the senior students of the Cilicia Boarding School, namely Moushegh Sarafian, Smpad Demirdjian, Hovhannes-Hmayag Boyadjian (Ferid Efendi), Misak Kochounian, and Nazaret Nersesian. It was a handwritten publication. Each issue was copied and dozens of copies were sent to subscribers. [9]

Another source lists this paper’s editor as Vahan Kyurkdjian, and its contributors as Misak Kochounian and Nazaret Nersesian. [10]

The first issue of Pyuragn appeared in 1874-1875, and the last in 1876. [11]

Pyuragn was a school paper that published prose alongside some poetry.

Vahan Kyurkdjian wrote the following about Pyuragn: “… We had a handwritten monthly paper, Pyuragn, with about ten subscribers. There was some verse in it with my signature, although not written by me. I only remember its first few lines, and it was dedicated to the apostles Thaddeus and Bartholomew:

Koghkotayi karin hachuyn,
Voro zarmin artyok djrak?
Luys i shrtouns khach i tserin
Ardzvoren varel poutayk…" [12]

Contributors included Vahan Kyurkdjian, Misak Kochounian, Nazaret Nersesian, etc.

This was a primary school founded by Catholicos of the Holy See of Cilicia, Mgrdich Kefsizian, on March 1, 1873, during one of his regular visits to Ayntab. The institution had an enrollment of 30 students, both from Ayntab and elsewhere. It operated for only four years.

The Atenagan School is considered this school’s successor.

The school had a rich library and a lecture hall that hosted cultural and other events. [13]

Despite its short life, this school produced several well-known graduates, such as Misak Kochounian, the founder and editor of the Jamanag newspaper of Constantinople; authors Vahan M. Kyurkdjian and Nazaret Hilmi Nersesian; aide to the governor of the province of Van, Hovhannes Boyadjian (Hovhannes Efendi); and others. [14]

He was born in Aleppo, on December 16, 1863. He received his primary education at the national/parochial school of Gyurin and the Cilicia Boarding School of Ayntab, graduating from the latter in 1877. At an early age, he joined the field of commerce and left for Gesaria, then for other cities. Finally, in 1886, he settled down in Constantinople, where he worked as an editor of the newspaper Manzoumeyi Efkyar. He contributed to numerous other newspapers. On October 15, 1908, in Constantinople, he founded the newspaper Jamanag and served as its editor until his death on May 15/28, 1913. [15]

He wrote several novels and translated the Nareg into modern Armenian.

He received his early education in Ayntab, then graduated from Mulkiye University in Constantinople. He served as the assistant governor of Van, the district head of Midilli, and the chairman of the executive committee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. [16]

He was born in 1864, in Ayntab, where he received his primary education at Cilicia Boarding School. In 1882, he left for Constantinople and attended classes at the medical college, then graduated from the local university as an attorney and examining judge. In 1888, he was sent to Manisa by the government, then, in 1895, he moved to Smyrna, where he practiced law. [17] For some time, he was the head judge of Edirne. [18]

He edited two newspapers in Ottoman Turkish and contributed to the Armenian press. [19] He also published several works on jurisprudence in Ottoman Turkish.

Hilmi was killed alongside his wife and youngest son, falling victim to the “bullets of killers born of hyenas,” on September 11, 1922, during the massacre and destruction of Smyrna. [20]

Smpad Demirdjian/Father Mesrob Demirdjian

He was born in 1859, in Ayntab. He received his primary education at the local Cilicia Boarding School, then served as a teacher at Nersesian School and Central Turkey College. For some time, he was the principal of the Atenagan School. He was one of the founders of the Atenagan Society, the eponymous school, and the local chapter of the Armenagan Party. He was ordained as a priest in 1904. He passed away on December 31, 1909. [21]

Moushegh-Sarkis Sarafian

He attended Cilicia Boarding School, and, years later, left for Moush to work as a teacher, where he was also ordained as a priest and where he later died. [22]

A monthly periodical, in Armenian and Armenian-lettered Turkish, published by the junior students of Cilicia Boarding School, edited by Vahan Kyurkdjian in 1875-1876. Only a few issues of this periodical ever appeared. It was handwritten, and about ten copies of each issue were distributed. [23] Among its contributors was Misak Kochounian.

The students of Cilicia Boarding School were split into senior and junior groups. The juniors founded the Yetemian Society, which aroused the envy of the seniors. Nshan Terzian, the school principal, dissolved the Yetemian Society, after which all the students, together, published the Yetem-Aten periodical. [24]

The Student Association of Cilicia Boarding School (Cilicia Lyceum)

This association was founded in 1913, with the aim of spreading the love of reading among the school’s pupils and encouraging them to write. The association organized enjoyable and beneficial gatherings, during which the Cilicia monthly periodical was read. The association also had a library. [25]

A handwritten monthly periodical. Published as a single copy. Edited by Vahan Kyurkdjian, 1876. Only one issue was ever published. This periodical was a personal initiative.

This is what the editor said about this paper: “I had another monthly, Shirag, illustrated, only one issue of which ever appeared. I was its editor, and at the same time its writer, illustrator, contributor, distributer, and reader.” [26]

A handwritten, cursive, double-columned paper produced by the students of Holy Vartanants Mesrobian Wards School of Ayntab, with one column in Armenian, and the other in Armenian-lettered Turkish. The paper was copied by about ten students, and 15-20 copies of each issue were sent to subscribers. [28]

This was a monthly periodical, with its content focusing on national, educational, scholastic, and health-related topics. It was published by the students of the Holy Vartanants Mesrobian Wards School and edited by Vahan Kyurkdjian (beginning in 1878). [29] Its first issue was published in January 1878. [30] The subscription fee was one mejid.

The Mesrobian Wards School

This school operated from 1874 until 1878. It was founded by the Vartanian Society, with an initial enrollment of 30 pupils. It was initially housed in one of the rooms of the national/parochial Nersesian School, but later, due to the growth in enrollment, it relocated to the Hayeg neighborhood, into Douzdjou Toros’s former house, which had been purchased by the Vartanian Society. In 1882-1884, this building was entirely renovated and became the well-known Vartanian Institute. [31]

The Vartanian Society then focused on the construction of both a new church and a building for a girls’ school. As a result, the society exhausted its resources, and was eventually dissolved in 1878, leading to the closure of the school. [32]

Published within Central Turkey College. This was a handwritten paper, initially in Armenian, later partly in Armenian and partly in Armenian-lettered Turkish [33]. Even later, the paper was published in English. [34] Its content was religious/moral, educational, and scientific. It was initially a biweekly publication, but it later became a periodical. It was published beginning in 1878, and with occasional short or long interruptions, “into the present day” (the early 20th century).

Published by the students of Central Turkey College. Around 1880, it was edited by Prof. Aleksan Bezdjian [35], and in 1893-1894, by Avedis Djebedjian, Krikor Yenikomshouyan, and Yeghia Behesnilian (Kasouni). [36]

This periodical was published monthly, and at the start of each month, was read aloud publicly. [37]

Dr. Avedis Djebedjian

He was born on November 11, 1876, in Ayntab. He graduated from the local Armenian Evangelical primary school of Hayeg, then entered Central Turkey College, from which he graduated in 1886. He attended the American University of Beirut and graduated in 1902 as a doctor. Later, he traveled to Germany to further his studies and eventually settled down in Aleppo in 1906.

During the First World War, after serving for five years in the Ottoman armed forces, he returned to Aleppo in 1919, and with a friend, opened a small hospital. He contributed to the Armenian press and published several books. He died in Aleppo, in 1952. [38]

The Very Reverend Yeghia Kasouni (Behesnilian)

He was born on February 5, 1874, in Ayntab. He received his early education at the Armenian Evangelical School of the Hayeg neighborhood, then the Niziblian School. In 1888, he began attending Central Turkey College, from which he graduated in 1895. He taught at the Armenian Evangelical school of the Kayadjuk neighborhood, then, from 1896 to 1908, at the American Academy of Marash. In 1908-1910, he attended classes in pedagogy and philosophy in Germany. He returned to Marash in 1910 and worked as a teacher and orphanage supervisor until 1915, when he and his family were deported to various locations in Syria. After the Armistice, he spent time in Cilicia, Constantinople, Aleppo, Kesab, and Beirut, eventually reaching the United States, where he died in 1959. He was ordained as an Armenian Evangelical minister in 1925. [39]

Kasouni contributed historical/philological articles to the Armenian press, specifically focusing on the oldest periods of Armenian history. He was the author of several valuable tomes. [40]

“First gift to the students of the Vartanian Institute of Ayntab”/”Gyuldeste Ayntabdaki Vartanian Mektebi talebegianunun ilk hediyesi dir.”

This paper was edited in Ayntab, then printed in Constantinople at Nshan G. Berberian’s printing house. It was published in Armenian and Armenian-lettered Turkish. It was a student paper with literary and educational content, written by the seven students of the fifth grade at the Vartanian Institute of Ayntab.

The editor was Vahan M. Kyurkdjian, the principal of the school. Only one issue was printed in 1884, consisting of 32 pages.

In the preface to the first and only issue, we read: “Today, the seven students of the senior class of the Vartanian Institute appear before the public with tremulous steps and present their first bouquet of flowers to all those who support the educational movement in the uncultivated province of Cilicia.

“Needless to say, due to the fact that so many Armenians in Ayntab are Turkish speakers, this publication will appear in both languages…”

The paper’s staff consisted of the school’s students, many of whom later became well-known commentators or national and ecclesiastical figures, such as Hrand C. Syuleohian (Syulahian), Berdj S. Momdjian (later Father Sahag Momdjian), Armenag C. Kzirian, Toros C. Ghazarian, Armenag M. Nazaretian (known by his literary pseudonym A. Nazar), Varaztad N. Arslanian, and Tatoul S. Kyupelian.

Published by the Vartanian Institute of Ayntab and printed in Constantinople by C. Baghdadlian (Aramian). This paper was in Armenian-lettered Turkish, with a section in Armenian. It was an educational, religious, scientific, and informational biweekly (later a bimonthly). It was published between January and December 1886 – a total of 24 issues and 350 pages. Its editor was Vahan Kyurkdjian, principal of the Vartanian Institute.

In the paper’s inaugural editorial, which was in Armenian-lettered Turkish, Kyurkdjian expounded on the benefits of printing and the value of books and the periodical press in the life of the Armenian people. He then detailed the kind of content the periodical would publish, how many pages each issue would have, the price, etc. To conclude, Kyurkdjian urged the Armenian writers of Constantinople and Ayntab to contribute to Mendor and expressed his hope that national and ecclesiastical entities would also support the publication.

The periodical published a variety of material, focusing on general history, Armenian history, medical issues, educational issues, news from the Vartanian Institute, local news from Ayntab, lifestyle and customs, religious holidays, translations, scientific advancements, poetry, biographies of famous figures, announcements, aphorisms and proverbs, geographical facts, zoological facts, theology, excerpts from Hagop Baronian’s periodical Dzidzagh, etc.

Several of the periodical’s staff, in later years, became well-known authors, commentators, and national/ecclesiastical figures. Their articles that appeared in Mendor were considered their first works published in print.

One of these was Haroutyun A. Gyuleserian, the well-known linguist and future Catholicos Coadjutor of the Holy See of Cilicia. In an article written in later years, he remembered how this paper was the first to print a contribution by him, and recalled how one day, when he was at the home of principal Vahan Kyurkdjian on a business matter, the latter suggested that he contribute an article to Mendor: “He suggested the topic himself – something about hygiene, proper attire, and cleanliness.” Gyuleserian wrote “something long-winded,” which, after being edited completely by Kyurkdjian, appeared in the paper as health guidance. [41]

Mendor had representatives in Marash, Aydun, Gesaria, Trabzon, Yevtogia (Tokat), Hadjun, and Sis.

To ensure the uninterrupted publication of Mendor, Nigoghos Agha Nazaretian, one of the prominent Armenian community leaders of Ayntab, donated ten Ottoman pounds to the school, which, in its turn, decided to send 35 copies of the periodical to various schools and companies as gifts.

As previously noted, the periodical was edited in Ayntab, and the manuscripts were sent to Constantinople to be printed. In his memoirs, editor Vahan Kyurkdjian wrote about the difficulties faced in delivering the manuscripts to the printer. In his own words: “… And I must confess, that almost on every single occasion, I barely managed to get the manuscript package ready by midnight of the last day, and I was forced to run to the post office, on the other side of the city, with a friend, passing through Turkish neighborhoods and rousing the stray dogs of the deserted, dark streets and markets. On several occasions, when we reached the post office, the chanta (postal sack) was already sealed and stamped, and the courier and the policemen escorting him were about to mount their horses, but thanks to the kindness of the office director, the sack was reopened so that the manuscript of Mendor could reach its destination on time.” [42]

The graduates’ association of the Vartanian Institute of Ayntab, in a booklet it published in 1914, provided a detailed plan/timeline of its activities for the following year, called Oratsuyts, which mentioned that the association planned to revive Mendor and publish four issues of it per year, with the first issue appearing on April 13, 1914; the second on June 1; the third on September 7; and the fourth on November 2. To mark the release of each issue, the association planned to organize “special lectures, with music,” or “musical events.” [43] But the outbreak of the First World War and the unfavorable political situation precluded the revival of the paper.

He was born on March 23, 1868, in Ayntab. He received his primary education at Vartanian Institute, and his spiritual education at Armash Seminary (1889-1896). After being ordained as a celibate priest, he served as the interim prelate for Djanig and Moush, a preacher in Constantinople, the deputy abbot and general overseer of Armash Monastery, and prelate of Kaghadia. He was ordained as a bishop in 1910. He left for the United States in 1914 to receive treatment for a kidney condition and thus was saved from the Armenian Genocide. He was invited to Jerusalem, where he served in various capacities. In 1928, he was elected as Catholicos Coadjutor of the Holy See of Cilicia. He authored several extremely valuable historical-linguistic works. He passed away in Antilias, on July 9, 1936. [44]

Published within the Vartanian Institute, handwritten and duplicated, probably in Armenian-lettered Turkish. This paper was published by the students of Haroutyun A. Gyuleserian (the future Catholicos Coadjutor Papken Gyuleserian of the holy See of Cilicia) at the institute, after 1886.

The paper’s contributors were the school’s pupils.

Archimandrite Papken Gyuleserian, in an article that he wrote, after remembering the Mendor biweekly published at his school, added: “… In any case, we, the boys in our class, later, had our own publication that was duplicated. This paper was called Houys, and it was ours, while I had my own paper, called Varjaran…” [45]

A handwritten paper, probably in Armenian-lettered Turkish.

It was written by Haroutyun A. Gyuleserian (future Catholicos Coadjutor of the Holy See of Cilicia), after 1886.

See information on the previous periodical for details.

11) "Akhteri Vartanian" [Star of Vartanian]

Published by the graduates’ association of Vartanian Institute. This was sometimes a biyearly periodical, but for most of its existence, it was published monthly. Its editor/director was I. Drents, succeeded by Aram Ashdjian. [46] It was published beginning in 1888-1890, [47] and stopped appearing in 1900. [48] Each issue was eight pages long. The content focused on life at the school and literary efforts.

This periodical replaced Mendor, which stopped appearing in December 1886. It was read aloud publicly during student gatherings. [49]

12) "Asdghig Vartanian" [Star of Vartanian]

Published within Vartanian Institute. This was a handwritten paper, appearing sometimes on a bimonthly, but usually on a monthly basis. It later became a periodical. It was published by the students of the senior class of Vartanian Institute. In 1888-1896, its editor was Armenag Nazaretian (A. N. Nazar) [50] (according to Krikor Sarafian, Nazaretian also served as the paper’s editor in 1902 [51]). In 1897-1898, Nazaret Fstukdjian was its editor or a member of its editorial team, [52] while in 1904-1905, Kevork Sarafian was its editor or a member of its editorial team. [53]

It was published beginning in 1888 and through 1914, with occasional interruptions. [54]

Asdghig Vartanian published essays by the senior classes and the oldest students of the school, [55] including articles and literary works focused on school life. The periodical was read aloud publicly during the students’ biweekly athletic gatherings. [56]

He was born on September 1, 1870, in Ayntab. Beginning in 1882, he attended Vartanian Institute, and in 1888, he became one of its first graduates. Later, beginning in 1892, he taught at the same institution, then served as its principal for more than 20 years.

In 1910, he was invited to the United States and served as the editor of the Azk tridaily newspaper of the Armenian Constitutional (Ramgavar) Party for many years, even after the party’s renaming (1911-1934).

He authored several books.

Nazaretian was initially a member of the Hunchakian Party, which he left in 1909. He then became a supporter of the Constitutional Ramgavar Party.

He died in Boston, on November 20, 1950. [57]

Nazaret Fstukdjian

He was born in Ayntab, in 1883. In 1898, he graduated from the local Vartanian Institute, and in 1902, from Central Turkey College. Then, he served as a teacher and principal at Vartanian Institute for eight years. In 1911, he enrolled in the Constantinople University of Law and graduated in 1915. He served in the Ottoman armed forces until the Armistice, then returned to Ayntab, and as a member of the Ramgavar Party, participated in meetings of the party and the Armenian National Union, serving as the latter’s secretary. After the forced expulsion of Armenians from Cilicia, he found refuge in Aleppo, where he continued actively participating in Armenian community life. He died in Aleppo on October 22, 1946. [58]

A handwritten student periodical published by the students of the Atenagan School. It was published from 1897 to 1899 (or 1900). Only a few issues ever appeared.

The paper was publicly read aloud during student events and athletics classes. [59]

The Atenagan School

In 1874, the pupils of the Cilicia Boarding School of Ayntab created the Yetemian Society, which was later renamed and became the Atenagan Society. The society founded an orphanage with 15 wards, then, after admitting scholarship students, created the Atenagan School-Orphanage, which obtained official government accreditation in 1911 as a seven-year secondary (idadi) school. The school had separate kindergarten, primary, and secondary sections, as well as a marching band. [60] Between 1892 and 1913, the Atenagan School produced 96 graduates, and in the 1913-1914 academic year, it had an enrollment of 288 pupils. [61]

The school’s principals included Nerses Baghdoyan, Smpad Demirdjian, Ghazaros Ghbligian (1900-1913), and Hagop Zeytountsian (1913-1915). [62]

A handwritten, weekly periodical published by the students of Central Turkey College, edited by Hagop Der Melkonian. It was published from September 1898 to June 1899, eight pages per issue, a total of 36 issues: “A periodical with varied content, including family and national news.” [63] The content included, “naturally, attempts at essays, alongside a section focusing on family and national news.” [64]

Hagop Der Melkonian

He was born in November 1879, in Ayntab, where he received his primary education at Vartanian Institute, after which he attended Central Turkey College. After two years of teaching, he transitioned to a career in commerce. In 1907, he settled down in Chork Marzban, and alongside his brother Mihran, participated actively in the self-defense battles fought by the local Armenians in 1909. After being deported during the Genocide, he returned to Ayntab in 1918, and during the battles for the city’s self-defense, was a member of the Armenian National Union, representing the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF). [65]

After the forcible expulsion of Armenians from Cilicia, he settled down permanently in Beirut, where he continued his active participation in Armenian life. He authored several historical works. He died in Beirut, on November 28, 1972. [66]

A student/associational paper, by the students or graduates of Vartanian Institute (handwritten or mimeographed). Its editors were Armenag Chamichian, Armenag N. Nazar (for many years), and Kevork A. Sarafian (1908-1910). [67] Probably published between 1904 and 1910.

The paper was read aloud publicly during gatherings of the students’ or graduates’ association.

Professor Armenag Chamichian

He was born on May 16, 1880, in Ayntab. In 1898, he graduated from Vartanian Institute, then from Central Turkey College, after which he served as a teacher for four years at Vartanian Institute. He was sent by the graduates’ association of this same school to Venice/Saint Lazarus to further his studies in history and of Armenian studies. After staying there for two years, in 1907, he emigrated to the United States and graduated from the state normal school of Massachusetts, then received a Bachelor of Science degree from Harvard University. He served as the principal of Cilicia Lyceum in Ayntab from its opening on September 6/19, 1912, until its closure in May 1915. He died in exile, in Hama, on December 25, 1915 (Old Calendar), from typhoid. [68]

A student/associational, handwritten paper published by the students’ or graduates’ association of Vartanian Institute. Its editor was probably Kevork A. Sarafian. Published 1909-1910. The paper was named after the eponymous novel by Raffi. [69]

Professor Kevork A. Sarafian

He was born in Ayntab, on March 12, 1889. He received his primary education at the local Vartanian Institute, from which he graduated in 1905, then taught at the same school for four years. In 1910, he traveled to the United States, attended classes at the University of Massachusetts and Columbia University, and received a Bachelor of Science degree, specializing in psychology, pedagogy, and comparative literature. From 1923 to 1950, he was a lecturer at the University of La Verne and other American universities.

Sarafian traveled to the United States to continue his studies and with the intention of returning to Ayntab and serving at Cilicia Lyceum, but due to the outbreak of the First World War, he could not return and remained in the United States. He died in Palm Springs, on June 6, 1975. [70]

He was the editor of several papers and published several books, including the seminal tomes that he compiled and edited, Badmoutyun Ayntabi Hayots [History of the Armenians of Ayntab], Los Angeles (California), 1953, volume 1, 32, 1088 pages; and volume 2, 32, 806 pages. He also authored several books in English and numerous articles.

A satirical paper (according to various sources, it may have been handwritten, mimeographed, or printed). Haroutyun Zenian was its editor or a member of its editorial team in 1909. [71]

Haroutyun Zenian

He graduated from Vartanian Institute in Ayntab. [72]

During the years of the Armenian Genocide, he and his brother Levon, as tailors, were able to work for the military workshop of Ayntab. He then moved to Aleppo. In 1917, he returned to his birthplace. Later, he settled down in Beirut and practiced photography. [73]

18) "Shambalabimbo"

A satirical paper. Krikor Bogharian alternately deemed it a mimeographed or printed publication, and sometimes a handwritten paper. [74] Haroutyun Zenian was its editor or a member of its editorial team in 1909. Only a few issues were ever published.

19) "Yeni Eomr" [New Life]

A religious, spiritual, and literary monthly, in Armenian-lettered Turkish, printed by the Central Turkey College Printing House. It was the organ of the Hokesirats [Spiritual/“Spirit-Loving”] Society. Its editor was Pastor Hagop V. Nadjarian, and Nshan S. Baleozian served as its editor or a member of its editorial team. The paper was published in 1910-1914, 16 pages

This paper had a relatively large circulation. In 1912, 1,200 copies of it were printed, and in the following year, 1,400 copies.

Its content included excerpts from the Holy Bible, original and translated spiritual articles, spiritual poems, news related to “proselytizing,” spiritual stories, spiritual news, etc.

Among its staff, the high proportion of women was notable, including Araksia Djebedjian and others.

In 1913, Yeni Eomr was sold in 124 villages, towns, and cities, as follows: 19 localities in the United States, 6 in Egypt, 95 in various regions of the Ottoman Empire, and one in each of Romania, Argentina, Brazil, and Sudan. This number represented an increase of 36 compared to the previous year. [75]

At the start of the Armenian Genocide, using the possession of this purely religious periodical as a pretext, authorities searched the homes of many Protestants and imprisoned them. Among the arrestees were even women and men like Apraham Hodja [Levonian], who lived a purely Christian life. “This imprisonment, which lasted 22 days, turned the Protestant community upside down and convulsed its faith.” [76]

The Hokesirats [Spiritual/“Spirit-Loving”] Society

This was one of the institutions that operated under the aegis of the Protestant community. It was founded in Ayntab, in 1908. Apraham Levonian played an important role in its founding. The group conducted proselytization work in 15 cities and villages near Ayntab and far from it, including Behesni, Hyusni Mansour (Adıyaman), Mousa Ler, Kesab, Aleppo, Siverek, etc. [77]

Reverend Hagop Nadjarian

He was born in Ourfa, in 1883. He was the pastor of the Protestant Church in the Alaybey neighborhood of Ayntab. He taught catechism at Central Turkey College. He was martyred in 1915, in Deir ez-Zor. [78]

A monthly paper, handwritten and sometimes mimeographed. [79] Published by the Ousoumnasirats [“Education-Loving”/Scholastic] Society. The editor was Kevork Chekidjian. Published for only one year, sometime between 1910 and 1914.

The Ousoumnasirats [“Education-Loving”/Scholastic] Society

Founded in 1905 by a group of Protestant youths who were either graduates or students of Central Turkey College. Its principal founders were Levon T. Levonian, Sarkis Balabanian, and Hovhannes Hasurdjian. The organization had athletic, educational, and cultural divisions, to which was added a military exercises division after the reinstatement of the Ottoman Constitution. It organized lectures and hosted lecture halls. It had a marching band (fanfar), athletic teams, etc. After the forced expulsion of Armenians from Cilicia in 1922, the organization was reconstituted in Aleppo, where it published the mimeographed periodical Ousoum (1925-1928). [80]

He was born in Ayntab, on January 31, 1897. He received his early education at the Atenagan and Vartanian Schools. Before finishing his studies, he was deported to the desert. After the Armistice, he returned to his birthplace and participated in the local self-defense battles, then, for four years, he was an employee of the American procurator in Athens and a member of the editorial team of the Nor Or newspaper. In 1927, he moved to Cairo and served as the executive manager of the Housaper newspaper until 1948. He published two volumes of poetry. He died on November 17, 1970. He was a member of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. [81] 

21) "Ghaghandos" [82]

A handwritten, satirical paper. Hagopdjan Yaghoubian was its editor or a member of its editorial team in 1912-1913.

In 1920, Yaghoubian began publishing another, similar periodical, which was called Nor Ghaghandos. [83]

Hagopdjan Garabed Yaghoubian 

He was born in Ayntab, in 1885. He received his primary education at Atenagan School, then attended Armash Seminary from 1897 to 1903. Between 1903 and 1914, he served as a teacher in national/parochial schools in Ayntab, Kaghadia, Antioch, and Agn. In 1915-1918, he served in the Ottoman Army as an officer, and during the battles for the self-defense of Ayntab, he was a deputy squad leader. In 1922, after the forced expulsion of Armenians from Cilicia, he moved to Jerusalem and became the Armenian Patriarchate’s secretary-accountant while also serving in other capacities. He died on March 22, 1951, in Jerusalem. [84]

22) "Giligia" [Cilicia]

A handwritten or mimeographed monthly periodical. It was a joint publication by several students’ associations of Cilicia Lyceum. Its editors were Hapet Isgenderian and Hmayag Dolbakian. [85] Krikor Bogharian also served as its editor or a member of the editorial team in 1913-1914. This paper was published between 1913-1915, spanning two academic years.

The paper published short and well-written articles on moral, social, scientific, historical, and linguistic topics.

“There was a chance that we could start printing the paper, if the First World War and deportations had not intervened.” [86]

Ayntab Armenians living in Egypt had promised to provide the lyceum with a printing press so that Giligia could be issued in print, “as soon as peace was restored in the world…” [87]

Hapet M. Isgenderian

He was born in the village of Hadji Habibli, in Mousa Ler, in 1893. He attended the local school, as well as the national/parochial school of Kilis, Central Turkey College in Ayntab, and Cilicia Lyceum.

Isgenderian was among the Armenians who went up the mountain in Mousa Ler in 1915 to defend themselves. From there, alongside the others, he was taken to Port Said and worked at the Sisouan Orphanage. He was a member of the Armenian Legion and participated in the Battle of Arara. He was also a member of the Hunchakian Party. [88]

In 1913, he founded the Mousa Ler chapter of the student association of the Hunchakian Party.

He fell victim to a fratricidal bullet on April 9, 1922. [89]

He contributed articles to the Armenian press. He published two booklets, Svedio Absdampoutyunu (Cairo, 1915, 48 pages), and Svedio Parkeru (Cairo, 1917, 36 pages).

He was born in Ayntab, in 1896. In 1913, he graduated from Vartanian Institute, and the following year, he began attending the Cilicia Lyceum. He was a member of the Hunchakian Party. During the years of the genocide, he was exiled to Irbid (Jordan), where he lost almost his entire family to an epidemic. After the Armistice, he returned to his birthplace. [90] After the forced expulsion of Armenians from Cilicia, he found refuge in Aleppo, where he worked for the rail company, becoming its deputy director. After retiring in 1957, he moved to Beirut, where he died in 1965. He contributed articles to the Armenian press. [91]

Krikor Bogharian

He was born on January 19, 1897, in Ayntab. In 1912, he graduated from Vartanian Institute, and in 1915, from Cilicia Lyceum. In 1915, alongside his family, he was deported to Hama, then to Selimiye. After the Armistice, he returned to his birthplace and worked at one of the local orphanages, then served for six years as a secretary/teacher at the Armenian orphanage of Jounieh (Lebanon). In 1925, he moved to Aleppo, and until 1957, served as the principal of the Grtasirats School, after which he permanently settled down in Beirut and became the editor of Hay Ayntab [Armenian Ayntab], a trimonthly periodical, to which he contributed numerous articles on the history of Ayntab. He died in Beirut, on December 18, 1975. [92]

Bogharian authored several tomes of great historical value, notably memoirs and studies exploring the history of Ayntab and Ayntab Armenians, such as the twin volumes of Ayntabagank (Beirut, 1974, volume 1: 260 pages, volume 2: 752 pages).

23) Plans for an Armenian Newspaper by the Teachers’ Association of Ayntab

In April 1913, the Armenian Teachers’ Association was founded in Ayntab. On September 25 of the same year, this organization elected a nine-member executive council, which was tasked with ensuring the intellectual advancement of teachers.” Additionally, the organization planned to publish “a newspaper.” [93]

As far as we know, this plan was never realized.

A spiritual/religious and educational monthly in Armenian-lettered Turkish, printed by the A. Khandzedian and Company Printing House. Its author/editor and official director was Reverend Kharalambos I. Bostandjoghlou, and its official licensee was Dr. Habib Nazarian. Length: 16 pages.

Only two issues of this paper were ever published, in July and August 1914.

Editor Bostandjoghlou stated that Hakikat aimed to spread the truth and defend Christian values in Turkey, despite the opposition that it faced.

The paper had a “respectable circulation.” [94]

Reverend Kharalambos I. Bostandjoghlou

A reverend of Greek extraction. Thanks to his knowledge of Turkish, he worked among Turkish-speaking Armenians and Greeks.

He was a native of Endürlük. After graduating from Saint Paul College in Darson, he was appointed as a traveling preacher in the Turkish-speaking areas of Adana, Marash, Ayntab, and Gesaria. At the start of the First World War, he was arrested, accused of being an ally of Armenian revolutionaries, and sentenced to death by a war tribunal. [95] He was initially imprisoned in Ayntab, [96] then hanged in Marash with a group of others [97] on November 3, 1915.

He authored several devotional books and hymns in Armenian-lettered Turkish.

Dr. Habib Nazarian

He was born in Ayntab, in 1860. In 1881, he graduated from Central Turkey College, and in 1885, from the local medical school. He also attended Yale University in the United States for a year, where he specialized in surgery. From 1889 to 1897, he was the head surgeon at the Azaria Smith Hospital in Ayntab. From 1898 to 1915, he ran his own clinic. During the First World War, he was conscripted as a doctor and served in the area of Katma-Radjo, but after contracting malaria, he was transferred to Aleppo, where he died on October 17, 1915. [98]

A handwritten pamphlet. Sources provide contradictory information regarding its editors and publishers, with three men mentioned: Pyuzant Topalian, Avedis Der Sahagian, and Antranig Byulbyulian. Only three issues of the pamphlet were published, all in 1919.

On one occasion, one of the pamphlet’s editors commented on the founding of the publication: “… It was 1919, and alongside our readings, Pyuzant [Topalian] had the idea of starting our own handwritten pamphlet, Dzaghig, to have an outlet for our internal creative impulses. We would use the paper, pens, and ink that Pyuzant sold in his own stall. And so, we published three consecutive issues of Dzaghig. But just as the year came to an end, in January 1920, due to political developments, Pyuzant was forced to shut down his stall and stop selling stationery…” [99]

He was born in Ayntab, on February 6, 1900. He received his primary education at the school of Kilis, then moved to Ayntab. In 1922, after the exodus of Armenians from Cilicia, he found refuge in Aleppo and became one of the publishers of a local mimeographed satirical paper, Meghou. He held several positions of importance within the Armenian community and was a member of the Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU) and Union of Armenian Youth. He worked as a teacher. In 1930, he was given ownership of Pyuzant Topalian’s Araks Printing House, which he operated until 1949 under the name of “Der Sahagian Printing House.” He moved to Beirut, where he continued his career as a printer and operated his own printing house, Dersa. He died in Beirut on October 16, 1973. [100]

This was a Turkish and Armenian (or Armenian-lettered Turkish), printed paper. The editor was an Armenian Protestant minister whose name is unknown to us. It was probably published beginning in January 1919. It was two pages long, one page in Turkish, the other page in Armenian (or possibly Armenian-lettered Turkish).

The Darakir newspaper of Aleppo published highly critical articles about this paper on two occasions. Here is an excerpt from one of those articles:

“While in our previous articles, we have deemed the practice of speaking Turkish a shame and a debasement, and have prohibited its use, here in Ayntab, a minister has decided to publish a newspaper called Oukhouet, with one side in Turkish and the other in Armenian-lettered Turkish.

“This initiative is an absolute insult to Armenian sensibilities and the Armenian spirit, especially as individuals who are viewed more-or-less as intellectuals are involved with it.

“Brotherhood…

“So, we’re brothers, huh?” [101]

This was a printed paper, published every two days, in Armenian, Armenian-lettered Turkish, and Ottoman Turkish. It was printed by the Central Turkey College Printing House. One side was in Armenian (Rahvira), and the other in Arabic-lettered Turkish (رهنما/Rahnuma). Some issues were entirely in Arabic-lettered Turkish. Each issue was two-to-four pages long, size: 22.6 x 34.5 cm. As for the publisher, this paper was “published, for now, in the name of a British philanthropic organization.” The editor was Loutfi Khodja, or Professor Loutfi Levonian, and the licensee was John E. Merrill.

It was first published in the first half of February 1919. The last issue we could find was number 87, published on December 18, 1919.

The content including various news form Ayntab and elsewhere, articles on scholastic life, advertisements, information on charitable endeavors, news and reprints from Armenian and British newspapers, etc.

In all four issues of this paper that we have seen, the articles were unsigned. The names of the authors were never mentioned.

This newspaper was considered an advocate of Turkish-Armenian “brotherhood,” for which reason it was often criticized by the Armenian press.

According to another contemporary newspaper, this paper’s content could only “move the pity of readers.” [102]

Here is another review of this paper: “… If there is one painful phenomenon among us in Ayntab, it’s that some of our ministers here have not shaken off their entirely antiquated mindset. Such ministers not only publish the Rahvira/Rahnuma bidaily newspaper, which is published in the two irreconcilable languages of Armenian and Turkish, but also repulsively parrot the rotten and dirty sermons of Armenian-Turkish brotherhood in the columns of this paper, thus treating the most noble Armenian sensibilities with levity and contempt. It is time you woke up, o pastors…” [103]

Loutfi Khodja Levonian

He was born in 1881, in Ayntab. He graduated from the local Central Turkey College, then received his higher education at Woodbrooke College in England. Prior to the outbreak of the First World War, he taught the Ottoman Turkish language at the secondary school of Talas and at Central Turkey College of Ayntab. He later lectured at Woodbrooke and Oberlin Colleges. From 1932 to 1950, he served as the director of the Near Easte Theological Institute in Beirut. He died on September 16, 1961, in Los Angeles. [104]

He was the author of several books in Armenian and English.

Dr. John E. Merrill

He was born in 1872. He received his doctorate from the University of Minnesota. For two years, he attended the universities in Halle and Berlin, in Germany, to further develop his knowledge of theology. He arrived in Ayntab in 1878 and taught at Central Turkey College. From 1905 to 1915, he served as the third and last president of the college. Then, when the college was moved to Aleppo, he served as its first president there. In 1936, he returned from Aleppo to the United States, where he died on September 22, 1960. [105]

29) "Baykar" [Struggle]

A handwritten literary and informational periodical. It was published twice a week by the Nor Dzil Orphans’ Advancement Association. Each issue had a length of four pages. At least four issues were printed, each in two or more copies. The content included news, poetry, memoirs, discussions of national issues, etc.

Bibliographical sources mention another paper called Sharjoum in Ayntab that was published in 1921. Information on Sharjoum is extremely contradictory. Bibliographer Ardashes Der Khachadourian considered Baykar and Sharjoum to be the same publication, and presented them as such, [107] but we believe that they were two separate papers, and we describe them here separately.

30) "Sharjoum" [Movement] (1)

A mimeographed weekly paper, the organ of the Social Democratic Hunchakian Party’s Ayntab chapter. Editor: Vahridj Geokdjian, 1921, 4 pages, 39 x 49 cm. [108]

Vahridj Geokdjian

He was a member of the Social Democratic Hunchakian Party.

During the years following the Armistice, he served as a teacher at the Apkarian School of Adana. Later, he moved to Paris, and in 1924, became the secretary of the local branch of the Hunchakian Party. He was also a member of the editorial team of the Hunchakian Mamoul weekly paper and the editor of the Zank weekly paper (1934-1935).

31) "Sharjoum" [Movement] (2)

A handwritten literary and ideological monthly. Its editor was Pyuzant Topalian, and its assistant editor was Avedis Der Sahagian. [109] It was published in January-March 1921. Only three issues ever appeared, 16 pages per issue, size: 21 x 26.5 cm.

The editorial of the first issue proclaimed: “Sharjoum. This handwritten monthly periodical, which represents the preliminary attempts at writing of our shaky and weak pens, will merely be something like a series of essay notebooks.

“Naturally, the contents will not be comparable to the fruits of capable and mature pens.

“We would like to ask our readers to take this point into consideration, and to be forgiving towards us. In exchange, we promise not to spare any effort to expand and enliven our offerings, which, we hope, will include articles on sociological and artistic topics, as well.”

The content consisted of poems and ideological articles. Among the contributors were Pyuzant Topalian, who signed his articles with the pen names “Artsan” and “P. Artsan;” A. Der Sahagian, who used the pseudonym Berdj; and N. Syulahian.

The following announcement appeared on the verso side of the last page of the first issue: “The second issue of Sharjoum will include a splendid study of Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables, which has been called the Bible of our age; as well as the transcript of an extremely valuable and substantial lecture by Mr. N. Syulahian on the topic of the ‘methods of socialism.’”

32) "Slak" [Dial]

A satirical, handwritten periodical. The address of the editorial office was given as “Street of the Missing, 22nd Floor, number 62.” [110] The editor was “Mardig,” or Pyuzant Topalian, and the assistant editor was Avedis Der Sahagian. [111] Another source lists Avedis Der Sahagian, Pyuzant Topalian, and Antranig Byulbyulian as the publishers of Slak, [112] and Bidzag as its head director. Only one issue of the paper ever appeared, in August 1921. [113]

• [1] Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1: “The Contributions of the People of Ayntab to Printing, the Armenian Press, Armenian Literature, and Armenian Culture,” Beirut, Atlas Printing House, 1974, p. 52.
• [2] The name of the stream in Ayntab.
• [3] V. M. Kyurkdjian, “National Memories: Fifty Years Ago,” Hayasdani Gochnag [Clarion of Armenia], New York, year 28, number 4, 28 January 1928, pp. 106-107; also see Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1, pp. 8-9, 51, and 99.
• [4] Kevork A. Sarafian (editor and compiler), Badmoutyun Ayntabi Hayots [History of the Armenians of Ayntab, published by the Compatriotic Union of Ayntab Armenians Living in America, United States, Los Angeles (California), volume 1, 1953, pp. 651-659.
• [5] Ibid., pp. 661-663, Krikor Bogharian’s article.
• [6] Paris bimonthly newspaper, Paris, year 2, number 68, 6 June 1862, p. 3.
• [7] Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1, p. 8.
• [8] Kevork A. Sarafian, Badmoutyun Ayntabi Hayots, volume 1, p. 663, Krikor Bogharian’s article.
• [9] V. M. Kyurkdjian, “National Memories: Fifty Years Ago,” p. 107.
• [10] Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1, p. 8.
• [11] V. M. Kyurkdjian, “National Memories: Fifty Years Ago,” p. 107. [12]
• [13] Ibid., pp. 671-679.
• [14] Ibid., p.678.
• [15] “Kochounian Misak (Kasim),” see Teotig, Amenoun Daretsouytsu [Everyone’s Almanac], year 6, Constantinople, 1912, pp. 380-382; ibid., 1914, p. 395.
• [16] V. M. Kyurkdjian, “National Memories: On the Kum Kapu Events,” see Hayasdani Gochnag, year 37, number 40, 2 October 1937, p. 961.
• [17] Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 2: “Memorials, Obituaries, Eulogies, and Biographical Notes,” Beirut, Atlas Printing House, 1974 (provided as 1975 on the cover), pp. 540-542; H. Mamourian, “In Memory of the Victims of the Catastrophe of Izmir. Nazaret Nersesian,” Baykar, Boston, 15 January 1923; Kevork A. Sarafian, Badmoutyun Ayntabi Hayots, volume 2, pp. 754-755.
• [18] V. M. Kyurkdjian, “National Memories: Fifty Years Ago,” p. 107.
• [19] Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1, pp. 46-47.
• [20] H. Mamourian, “In Memory of the Victims of the Catastrophe of Izmir….”
• [21] Kevork A. Sarafian, Badmoutyun Ayntabi Hayots, volume 1, p. 475-476 and 743.
• [22] V. M. Kyurkdjian, “National Memories: Fifty Years Ago,” p. 107.
• [23] Kr. Bogharian, “The Cilicia Boarding School,” Nor Ayntab [New Ayntab], Beirut, year 14, 1973, number 4 (56), p. 34.
• [24] Krikor Bogharian, “The Atenagan School,” in Kevork A. Sarafian, Badmoutyun Ayntabi Hayots, volume 1, p. 740.
• [25] Cilician Lyceum of Ayntab-Cilicia, “First Report, 1912-1914,” Constantinople, H. Madteosian Printing House, 1914, pp. 25-26.
• [26] V. M. Kyurkdjian, “National Memories: Fifty Years Ago,” p. 106.
• [27] The name was inspired by the name of Jamanag Hantes Hayrenanver, Sdepan Papazian’s newspaper (Constantinople), see “National Memories: Fifty Years Ago,” p. 106; Kevork A. Sarafian, Badmoutyun Ayntabi Hayots, volume 1, p. 455 (editor V. Kyurkdjian’s article); and Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1, p. 9,
• [28] V. M. Kyurkdjian, “National Memories: Fifty Years Ago,” p. 106; Kevork A. Sarafian, Badmoutyun Ayntabi Hayots, volume 1, pp. 667-668.
• [29] V. M. Kyurkdjian, “National Memories: Fifty Years Ago,” p. 107.
• [30] Ibid., p. 106.
• [31] Kevork A. Sarafian, Badmoutyun Ayntabi Hayots, volume 1, p. 21; ibid., Bishop Papken’s article, p. 713; Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1, pp. 10 and 101.
• [32] Kevork A. Sarafian, Badmoutyun Ayntabi Hayots, volume 1, p. 668.
• [33] Yeghia S. Kasouni, “The History of Central Turkey College of Ayntab,” see Kevork A. Sarafian, Badmoutyun Ayntabi Hayots, volume 1, p. 846.
• [34] Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1, p. 10.
• [35] V. M. Kyurkdjian, “National Memories: Inside the College,” see Hayasadani Gochnag, year 28, number 31, 4 August 1928, p. 977.
• [36] Yeghia S. Kasouni, “The History of Central Turkey College of Ayntab,” p. 846.
• [37] Ibid.
• [38] Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1, pp. 120-124.
• [39] His autobiography, see Kevork A. Sarafian, Badmoutyun Ayntabi Hayots, volume 1, pp. 619-629; and Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1, pp. 220-229.
• [40] Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1, p. 83.
• [41] Anonymous (Archimandrite Papken Gyuleserian), “Provincial Literature (on the Occasion of My First Article),” Luys [Light] Weekly, Constantinople, new series, year 11, number 33, 19 August 1906, pp. 791-792.
• [42] V. M. Kyurkdjian, “National Memories: in and around the Vartanian Institute,” see Hayasdani Gochnag, year 28, number 46, 17 November 1928, pp. 1456-1457.
• [43] “Graduates of the Vartanian Institute of Ayntab,” p. 16.
• [44] Hasg [Harvest] Monthly, Antilias, year 5, number 9-10, September-October 1936, pp. 142-144.
• [45] “Provincial Literature (on the Occasion of My First Article),” p. 792.
• [46] Hasmig A. Sdepanian, Hayadar Tourkeren Krkeri yev Hayadar Tourkeren Barperagan Mamouli Madenakidoutyun (1727-1968) [Bibliography of Armenian-Lettered Turkish Books and the Armenian-Lettered Turkish Periodical Press (1727-1968)], Constantinople, 2005, pp. 616-617.
• [47] K. B. [Krikor Bogharian], “The Vartanian Institute (1882-1915),” see Hay Ayntab, year 8, 1967, number 2 (26), p. 10.
• [48] Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1, p. 10.
• [49] Ibid.
• [50] Ibid., pp. 46 and 130; Kevork A. Sarafian, Badmoutyun Ayntabi Hayots, volume 1, p. 731.
• [51] Kevork A. Sarafian, Badmoutyun Ayntabi Hayots, volume 2, p. 460.
• [52] Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1, p. 52.
• [53] Ibid., pp. 48-49.
• [54] Ibid., p. 10.
• [55] Ibid., p. 133.
• [56] Kr. Bogharian, “Hagop Der Melkonian 1879-1972,” see Nor Ayntab, year 14, 1973, number 1-2 (53-54), p. 103.
• [57] Kevork A. Sarafian, Badmoutyun Ayntabi Hayots, volume 1, p. 647; Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1, pp. 126-146.
• [58] Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 2, pp. 547-561; Kevork H. Barsoumian, Badmoutyun Ayntabi H. H. Tashnagtsoutyan 1898-1922 [History of the A. R. Federation in Ayntab 1898-1922], published by the Zavarian Student Association, Aleppo, Dikris Printing House, 1957, pp. 52 and 253.
• [59] Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1, p. 52.
• [60] Program and Plan of the Atenagan Secondary School of Ayntab, 1913-1914 (the translation of the original Ottoman-Turkish title is “Program and Plan of the Atenagan Seven-Year Secondary School”),Constantinople, G. and M. Keshishian Printing House, 1914, p. 10; Kevork A. Sarafian, Badmoutyun Ayntabi Hayots, volume 1, pp. 740-748 (Krikor Bogharian’s article).
• [61] Kevork A. Sarafian, Badmoutyun Ayntabi Hayots, volume 1, p. 747, Krikor Bogharian’s article.
• [62] Ibid., p. 743.
• [63] Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1, p. 11.
• [64] Kr. Bogharian, “Hagop Der Melkonian 1879-1972,” see Nor Ayntab, year 14, 1973, number 1-2 (53-54), p. 103.
• [65] Kevork H. Barsoumian, Badmoutyun Ayntabi H. H. Tashnagtsoutyan…, p. 52.
• [66] Haygazian Hayakidagan Hantes [Haigazian Armenological Review], volume 3, 1972, p. 318; Sisag Hagop Varjabedian, Hayeru Lipanani Mech [Armenians in Lebanon], volume 5, Beirut, Hamazkayin Vahe Setian Printing House, 1983, pp. 445-448.
• [67] Kevork A. Sarafian, Badmoutyun Ayntabi Hayots, volume 1, p. 731; Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1, p. 49.
• [68] Shrchanavardk Vartanian Grtarani Ayntabi, p. 8; Arakadz Weekly, New York, year 1, number 8, 13 July 1911, p. 120; Kevork A. Sarafian,Badmoutyun Ayntabi Hayots, volume 1, pp. 699-700.
• [69] Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1, pp. 48-49.
• [70] His autobiography, see Kevork A. Sarafian, Badmoutyun Ayntabi Hayots, volume 1, pp. 611-614; Nakhundza [First Gift], year 1, New York, Gochnag Printing House, 1913, p. 37; Nor Ayntab, year 16, number 3 (63), 1975, p. 6.
• [71] Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1, p. 11 and p. 44, number 4.
• [72] Kevork A. Sarafian, Badmoutyun Ayntabi Hayots, volume 2, pp. 512, 579, and 682.
• [73] Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 2, p. 521.
• [74] Ibid., volume 1, pp. 11 and 44.
• [75] Yeni Eomr, Ayntab, year 4, number 12, December 1913, p. 182.
• [76] V. N. Gyuleserian, “Eleven Tragic Years in Ayntab, 1908-1919,” see Kevork A. Sarafian, Badmoutyun Ayntabi Hayots, volume 1, p. 1028.
• [77] Yeni Eomr, Ayntab, year 4, number 12, December 1913, pp. 193-196.
• [78] Teotig (compiler and editor), Houshartsan Abril Dasnumegi [Memorial to April 11], Constantinople, O. Arzouman Printing House, 1919,p. 71; Kevork A. Sarafian, Badmoutyun Ayntabi Hayots, volume 1, pp. 549 and 831, and volume 2, pp. 745-755.
• [79] Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1, pp. 11 and 47; volume 2, p. 182.
• [80] Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1, pp. 216-217 and 277-278.
• [81] Kevork A. Sarafian, Badmoutyun Ayntabi Hayots, volume 1, p. 658; Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1, pp. 58-59 and volume 2, p. 183.
• [82] In the Ayntab dialect, ghaghantos means Christmas.
• [83] Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1, p. 44.
• [84] Gourgen, “Memories on the Occasion of a Semicentennial,” Hay Ayntab, year 6, number 3 (19), 1965, p. 20; Kr. Bogharian,“The Lyceum and Its Students,” Hay Ayntab, year 6, number 3 (19), 1965, p. 41; Sion Monthly, Jerusalem, year 25, number 44, April 1951, p. 128; Armashou Tbrevankin 25-Amya Hopelyanin Artiv 1889-1914 [On the Occasion of the 25-Year Jubilee of the Armash Seminary], Constantinople, M. Hovagimian’s New Commercial Printing House, 1914, p. 407; Kevork A. Sarafian, Badmoutyun Ayntabi Hayots, volume 1, p. 650.
• [85] Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1, p. 48.
• [86] Ibid., p. 11.
• [87] Kevork A. Sarafian, Badmoutyun Ayntabi Hayots, volume 1, p. 796.
• [88] Mardiros Koushakdjian and Boghos Madourian (editors), Houshamadyan Mousa Leran [Memory Book of Mousa Ler], Beirut, Atlas Printing House, published by the Djebel Mousa Compatriotic Union, 1970, pp. 725-726.
• [89] Zora Isgenderian, Housher Bamdoutyan Hamar [Memories for History], Beirut, Sevan Printing House, 1974, pp. 45 and 146.
• [90] Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1, p. 105.
• [91] Ibid., volume 2, pp. 324-329; Roupen Dirarian (head editor), Houshamadyan Giligian Grt. Hasdadoutyan (1921-1996) [Memory Book of the Cilicia Educational Institution (1921-1996)], Aleppo, published by the board of trustees of the Cilicia Circle, Aleppo, 1996, p. 508.
• [92] Archbishop N. Bogharian, “Krikor C. Bogharian (on the Occasion of the Anniversary of His Death),”see Sion, year 50, number 12, December 1976, pp. 325-326; Hagop Ghazarian (editor), Album-Memory Book of the Armenian General Benevolent Union, Beirut, Atlas Printing House, 1969, pp. 186-187.
• [93] Father Yeprem V. Boghosian, Badmoutyun Hay Mshagoutayin Ungeroutyunnerou[History of Armenian Cultural Societies], volume 2, Vienna, Mkhitarian Printing House, National Archives 196, 1963, p. 439.
• [94] Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1, p. 51.
• [95] Arshag Alobyadjian, Badmoutyun Hay Gesario [History of Armenian Gesaria], Cairo, published by the Armenian Compatriotic Union of Gesaria and the Environs, Hagop Papazian Printing House, 1937, volume 2, p. 2277.
• [96] Sarkis Balabanian (Balaban Khodja), Gyankis Dak ou Bagh Oreru, Ayntab-Kesab-Haleb[The Warm and Cool Days of My Life, Ayntab-Kesab-Aleppo], edited by Dr. Toros Toranian, Aleppo, Arevelk Printing House, 1983, p. 66.
• [97] Aram Sahagian (compiler), Tyutsaznagan Ourfan yev ir Hayortineru [Heroic Ourfa and Its Armenian Sons], Beirut, Atlas Printing House, published by the Ourfa Commemoration Committee, 1955, p. 951; Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1, p. 505.
• [98] Kevork A. Sarafian, Badmoutyun Ayntabi Hayots, volume 2, p. 675; Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 2, pp. 320-323.
• [99] Avedis Der Sahagian, Friendly Memories of Pyuzant Topalian, Hay Ayntab, year 11, number 42-43, 1970, pp. 76-77.
• [100] Sisag Hagop Varjabedian, Hayeru Lipanani Mech, pp. 455-456; Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 2, pp. 135-142.
• [101] Darakir Newspaper, Aleppo, year 1, number 32, 31 January 1919, p. 1.
• [102] Esgyulab, “The Situation of National [Armenian] Affairs in Aleppo,”Joghovourti Tsayn [Voice of the People], Constantinople, year 1, number 92-183, 5/18 May 1919, p. 1.
• [103] S. Kisag, Untitled Article, see Housaper, Cairo, New Series, year 4, number 151, 25 March 1919, p. 2.
• [104] Bishop Terenig, “In Memory of Professor Loutfi,”Zartonk Daily, Beirut, year 25, number 189 (7,314), 11 May 1992, number 2; Garo Kevorkian Amenoun Darekirku, Beirut, year 9, 1962, p. 623; Kevork A. Sarafian, Badmoutyun Ayntabi Hayots, volume 1, p. 643.
• [105] Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 2, pp. 354-362; Kr.[ikor] H. Kalousdian [Giligetsi], Marash gam Kermanig yev Heros Zeytoun [Marash or Kermanig and Heroic Zeytoun], published by the Executive Board of the Marash Compatriotic Union, New York (United States of America), Gochnag Printing House, 1934, pp. 505-506.
• [106] Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1, p. 44.
• [107] Ardashes Der Khachadourian, Hay Mamouli Madenakragan Kordzer [Bibliographical Works of the Armenian Press], prepared for publication and edited by H. Hovhannessian, Beirut, 2014, p. 527.
• [108] Karekin Levonian, Hayots Barperagan Mamoulu [The Armenian Periodical Press], Yerevan, 1934, p. 116, number 1054; Hovh. Bedrosian, Hay Barperagan Mamouli Bibliographya [Bibliography of the Armenian Periodical Press], volume 2 (1900-1954), Yerevan, Bedkrabalad, 1957, p. 365; M. A. Paployan, Hay Barperagan Mamoulu. Madenakidagan Hamahavak Tsang (1794-1980) [The Armenian Periodical Press:A Comprehensive Bibliographical List (1794-1980)],Yerevan, published by the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, 1986, p. 142, number 1230.
• [109] Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1, pp. 45 and 50.
• [110] Ibid., p. 50.
• [111] Ibid., p. 45.
• [112] Yervant Babayan (editor), Badmoutyun Auntabi Hayots [History of the Armenians of Ayntab], volume 3, Los Angeles, p. 1094.
• [113] Ibid., p. 1094; Krikor Bogharian, Ayntabagank, volume 1, p. 50.